Transmission is the process of passing a disease  or a disease causing pathogen from an infected host individual or a group of infected people to a particular individual or a group of persons regardless whether they are previously infected or not. Prevention is the application of scientific methodologies in order to prevent or moderate major human dysfunctions before they occur. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has introduced different strategies for reducing the STD risk which include: vaccination, mutual monogamy, reducing the number of sexual partners and abstinence. The most effective way to prevent sexual transmission of STIs, HIV / AIDS is to avoid the contact of body parts or fluids which can lead to transfer with an infected partner.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or venereal diseases (VD) which are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. STDs are generally caused by bacteria, parasites, yeast, and viruses. There are more than 20 types of STDs where both men and women are affected but in several cases the health complications, they cause can be more severe for women. If a pregnant woman has an STD, it can cause severe health complications for the baby. Antibiotics can treat STDs produced by bacteria, yeast, or parasites. There is no cure for STDs initiated by a virus, but medications can often help with the symptoms and keep the infection under control.

Public health is the science of defensive and educating the health of people and their communities. This work is attained by promoting healthy lifestyles, researching disease and injury prevention, and detecting, preventing and responding to infectious diseases. Public health professionals try to avoid problems from happening or recurring through executing educational programs, recommending policies, managing services and conducting research—in contrast to medical professionals like doctors and nurses, who focus mainly on treating individuals after they become sick or injured. Public health also works to limit health differences.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were identified, the number of children infected with HIV has risen dramatically in developing countries, the result of an increased number of HIV-infected women of childbearing age in these areas. HIV is a retrovirus and can be transmitted vertically, sexually, or via contaminated blood products or IV drug abuse. Vertical HIV infection occurs before birth, during delivery, or after birth.

The social issues associated with HIV and sexually transmitted diseases can be understood in two ways. Firstly, they social impact might refer to the social determinants of the pandemic and secondly, they relate to the social impact of the pandemic. Ethical questions present some of the most vexing problems associated with HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases. Ethics cannot be considered in a vacuum. The social context dictates how the principles of ethics are applied and interpreted.

STD’s clinical research help scientists find improved ways to prevent, detect, or treat HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. All the medications used to treat HIV/AIDS in the United States were first studied in clinical trials. HIV/AIDS clinical studies under way include studies of new medicines to inhibit or treat HIV, studies of vaccines to prevent or treat HIV, studies of medicines to treat infections correlated to HIV. Case report is the detailed information of the individual patient containing the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, and treatment and follows up of the patient. It is a demographic profile that usually describes an unusual or novel occurrence.

Co-infections are the simultaneous infections of a host by multiple pathogen species. There are different co-infections that are associated with STD especially with HIV which leads to lethal condition and worsens the condition of the individual. Co-infection is of particular human health importance because these pathogen species can interact within the host. The net effect of the co-infection on human health is thought to be negative but these Interactions can have either positive or negative effects on other parasites. Under positive parasite interactions, disease transmission and progression are enhanced which is also known as syndemism and in negative parasite interactions include microbial interference when one bacterial species suppresses the virulence or colonisation of other bacteria.

Sexual health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being of an individual in relation to sexuality. It generally requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. According to WHO for attaining and maintaining the sexual health, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled.

Health system or health care systems is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations. There are a lot of health care systems with many histories and organizational structures of the nations which are designed based on their needs and resources constrained to that nation. Besides there is a concerted effort among governments, trade unions, charities, religious organizations, or other coordinated bodies to deliver planned health care services targeted to the populations they serve. Health services is a multidisciplinary scientific field that examines the how people get access to the health care practitioners, health care services, costs, and what happens to the patients as a result of this care.

The exploration for a preventive immunization that can stop the worldwide pandemic is a definitive objective of HIV research. Expansion of an immunization against HIV-1 has been tormented by various weird difficulties. Distinctive immunization concepts have been tried to overcome these difficulties. Trial immunizations that indicated guarantee in preclinical trials were progressed into clinical trials. However, human trials turned out to be an enormous dissatisfaction until the aftereffects of the RV144 trial in Thailand. Urine tests can be used to check for urethritis in both sexual orientations. Late urination will have washed gonorrheal discharge from the urethra. Vaginal swab illustrations are used to test for cervicitis. Gonorrheal cervicitis produces adequate discharge that swabs need not be taken by speculum inspection.

Immunology is the study of the immune systems which contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in case of both health and diseases; identify the malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities immune deficiency, and transplant rejection; and also include the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system.  Vaccine is a biological preparation which contains an agent that resembles a disease causing micro-organism and is often made from weekend or dead form of micro-organisms, its toxins or its surface proteins.

Epidemiology is the study of analysis and distribution of determinants of health and diseased conditions in a defined population. Major areas of the epidemiological study include disease causation, transmission, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, forensic epidemiology, occupational epidemiology, screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. They rely on other scientific disciplines such as biology for the better understanding of the disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences for the better understanding proximate and distal causes, and engineering for exposure assessment.

Health monitoring is the way of checking if the health of the particular individual is being harmed from exposure to various disease causing micro-organisms which aims to detect early signs of ill health or disease. The health monitoring includes numerous tests for determining the health of an individual. You can use the health monitor to create a collection of tests, referred to as a health policy, and apply the health policy to one or more appliances. HIV testing refers to shows whether a person has HIV or not. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone between the 13 to 64 years old get tested for HIV at least once and that people at high risk of infection get tested more often.

Diagnosis is the process of identification of the nature and cause of a particular phenomenon. HIV is generally diagnosed by testing your blood or saliva for antibodies against virus. Inappropriately, it takes time for your body to progress these antibodies usually up to 12 weeks. A faster test checks for the presence of HIV antigen, a protein produced by the virus instantaneously after infection. Treatment refers to the application of medicines, surgery or psychotherapy to a patient or to a disease or symptom. Treatment outcomes were similar across different subgroups, regardless of age, sex, race, baseline viral load, and baseline CD4+ cell count1. Treatment of HIV/AIDS includes mapping and maintaining surveillance of risk behaviors, STIs, and HIV infection